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Personality and Classification: Angels are spirit beings (Luke 20:36, Heb 1:14). They were created by Almighty God (Psalm 148:2-5, Col 1:16). They were created morally good (Gen 1:31). They have greater power than human beings (Matt 28:2), but their power is also limited (Dan 10:13). There are many classifications of angels. The first classification is that of Archangel. Michael is the only archangel mentioned in the Scriptures (Dan 10:13 Jude 9, Re 12:7). The Cherubim are proclaimers and protectors of God’s presence (Ex 25:17-22, II Kings 19:15, Isaiah 37:16), the Seraphim proclaim God’s holiness (Isaiah 6), and some are described as living beasts (Re 4:7, Re 6:5).
Ministries of Angels: In relation to unbelievers they carry out judgment (Gen 19:12-13, Acts 12:23, Re 8:2-12). They minister to believers through physical protection (Psalm 34:7), physical provision (I Kings 19:5-7), supernatural direction (Acts 8:26; 10:3), and carriers of human souls (Luke 16:22). Angels ministered to Christ by predicting His birth (Luke 1:26-38), protecting Him (Mat 2:13), ministering to Him (Mat 4:11, Luke 22:43), announcing His resurrection (Mat 28:5-7, Mark 16:6-7), and attending His ascension (Acts 1:10).
Satan: Satan is a supernatural being that possesses intelligence (II Cor 2:11; 11:3), emotions (Re 12:17, I Tim 3:6), will (Jude 9). Satan can speak (Luke 4:1-12) and be treated like a person (Job 2:2). He was created morally good (Gen 1:31), but he sinned and had to be punished (John 8:44 I Tim 3:6, Re 20:2). Satan is the great tempter (Mat 4:3, I Thess 3:5), father of lies (John 8:44), our adversary (Eph 6, I Peter 5:8), god of this world (II Cor 4:4), and the evil one (Mat 13:19, I John 3:12; 5:18, Eph 6:16). Satan’s Works: Satan wants to deceive mankind and take control. He tries to steal God’s rightful glory by spreading false doctrine (I Tim 4:1-3, Re 2:14), proposing false Christs (I John 2:18; 4:3), and doing false miracles (II Thess 2:9).
Demons: Demons are evil spirits (Luke 10:17-20) who assist Satan in his plan of deception (Eph 6, I Tim 4:1). They possess intelligence (Mark 5:7), emotion (James 2:19), and will (Mat 8:31). Demons are evil and perverted (Mat 10:1, Mark 1:23). The Bible does not expressly confirm the origin of demons; however, it seems to point in the direction of demons being like Satan a fallen angel through association (Mat 12:24, Mat 25:41). Demonic Works: Demons are quite powerful. They can inflict disease (Luke 13:11), promote idolatry (Psalm 106:36-38, I Cor 10:19-21), encourage false doctrine (I Tim 4:1-3, I John 4:1), and possess people (Mat 4:24, 12:22, Mark 1:32 John 10:21).
Exorcism: God has given Christians the victory through the death of His Son on the cross (Col 2:14-15, Heb 2:14). The command to cast out demons appears to have been apostolic (Mat 10:1, Luke 10:17-20). God is the only one who has the power to make a lasting impression (Mat 12:44-45). As with all areas of the Christian life, a dependence on God through prayer is essential in this area (Mark 9:29).
Satan: Satan is a supernatural being that possesses intelligence (II Cor 2:11; 11:3), emotions (Re 12:17, I Tim 3:6), will (Jude 9). Satan can speak (Luke 4:1-12) and be treated like a person (Job 2:2). He was created morally good (Gen 1:31), but he sinned and had to be punished (John 8:44 I Tim 3:6, Re 20:2). Satan is the great tempter (Mat 4:3, I Thess 3:5), father of lies (John 8:44), our adversary (Eph 6, I Peter 5:8), god of this world (II Cor 4:4), and the evil one (Mat 13:19, I John 3:12; 5:18, Eph 6:16). Satan’s Works: Satan wants to deceive mankind and take control. He tries to steal God’s rightful glory by spreading false doctrine (I Tim 4:1-3, Re 2:14), proposing false Christs (I John 2:18; 4:3), and doing false miracles (II Thess 2:9).
Demons: Demons are evil spirits (Luke 10:17-20) who assist Satan in his plan of deception (Eph 6, I Tim 4:1). They possess intelligence (Mark 5:7), emotion (James 2:19), and will (Mat 8:31). Demons are evil and perverted (Mat 10:1, Mark 1:23). The Bible does not expressly confirm the origin of demons; however, it seems to point in the direction of demons being like Satan a fallen angel through association (Mat 12:24, Mat 25:41). Demonic Works: Demons are quite powerful. They can inflict disease (Luke 13:11), promote idolatry (Psalm 106:36-38, I Cor 10:19-21), encourage false doctrine (I Tim 4:1-3, I John 4:1), and possess people (Mat 4:24, 12:22, Mark 1:32 John 10:21).
Exorcism: God has given Christians the victory through the death of His Son on the cross (Col 2:14-15, Heb 2:14). The command to cast out demons appears to have been apostolic (Mat 10:1, Luke 10:17-20). God is the only one who has the power to make a lasting impression (Mat 12:44-45). As with all areas of the Christian life, a dependence on God through prayer is essential in this area (Mark 9:29).
Christ’s Preexistence: Christ has existed before time (Micah 5:2, John 1:1). Before His incarnation, Christ was involved in the creation of the World (John 1:3, Col 1:16) as well as the sustaining of the world through His power (Col 1:17). Christ also shared in the Father’s glory before His incarnation (John 17:5).
Incarnation: Christ came to earth to save sinners, (Luke 19:10, Rom 5:8, I Tim 1:15), to glorify the Father (John 17:1; 21:19), and to mediate peace between mankind and God (I Tim 2:5, Heb 9:14-16). Jesus did not give up any of His deity (John 10:30); however, He relinquished the independent use of His divine attributes (Phil 2). Jesus Christ was born of a virgin (Luke 1:34); He was totally without sin (Heb 4:15). The virgin birth was necessary to prevent the passing on of Adam’s sin nature (Rom 5:12), and also to fulfill prophecy (Isaiah 7:14).
Humanity: Christ was fully human (John 1:14) as can be seen through the many human characteristics recorded in the Bible. Jesus grew hungry (Mat 4:2), He experienced thirst (John 4:6-7), and He suffered human emotions (John 11:35). Jesus appeared human to those who saw him (John 4:9). Jesus Himself said He was man (John 8:40). The apostle Paul states that Jesus is the Mediator between God and Man (I Tim 2:5).
Deity: Christ existed eternally in the form of God (Phil 2:6). God the Father calls Christ God (Heb 1:8). The apostles affirm Christ to be God (John 20:28, Titus 2:15). Christ proved Himself to be God by many infallible acts. He received worship (Mat 2:2 John 20:28), He forgave sins (Mark 2:5), He demonstrated great power over nature and death (Mark 4:39, John 11:43), He is omnipresent (Mat 28:20), and He is eternal (John 1:1).
Hypostatic Union of Christ: Jesus Christ never surrendered His deity, but rather added humanity (Phil 2:7-8). Jesus did many acts of God. He calmed the sea (Mat 8:23-27), He healed people (John 9:25), and He raised people from the dead (Mat 9:25); however, He only exercised His deity for the glory of the Father (John 17:4). This union of humanity and deity exists together in perfect harmony throughout all eternity (Rom 1:3, I Tim 2:5, Heb 4:14).
Resurrection: Christ resurrected bodily from the dead and is alive and full of glory (Mat 28:7 Col 1:18). Death could not contain Him (I Cor 15). Christ’s resurrection confirmed the truth of God’s Word (Psalm 16:10, Mat 16:21). The Jewish leaders could not deny the fact of the missing body (Mat 28:13), skeptics believed after seeing the risen Lord, (John 20:28, Acts 9:6), and He was seen by over five hundred witnesses (I Cor 15:6). The whole premise of Christianity lies in the fact that Christ did rise from the dead and gave believers victory over death (1Co 15:14). The resurrection ended Christ’s humiliation (Col 1:18, Eph 4:10).
Christ’s Present Ministry: Christ is presently the intercessor for mankind (Rom 8:34, Gal 3:20, I Tim 2:5). Regarding the church, He is the Builder (Acts 2:47), the Director (Col 1:18), the Nurturer (Eph 5:29-30,) and the Cleanser (Eph 5:25-27).
Temptation of Christ: Christ as God was tempted (Luke 4), but He did not sin (Heb 4:15). Being God, He cannot sin for He is omnipotent (Mat 28:18), omniscient (John 2:25), and continues now as God without sin (Heb 13:8).
Incarnation: Christ came to earth to save sinners, (Luke 19:10, Rom 5:8, I Tim 1:15), to glorify the Father (John 17:1; 21:19), and to mediate peace between mankind and God (I Tim 2:5, Heb 9:14-16). Jesus did not give up any of His deity (John 10:30); however, He relinquished the independent use of His divine attributes (Phil 2). Jesus Christ was born of a virgin (Luke 1:34); He was totally without sin (Heb 4:15). The virgin birth was necessary to prevent the passing on of Adam’s sin nature (Rom 5:12), and also to fulfill prophecy (Isaiah 7:14).
Humanity: Christ was fully human (John 1:14) as can be seen through the many human characteristics recorded in the Bible. Jesus grew hungry (Mat 4:2), He experienced thirst (John 4:6-7), and He suffered human emotions (John 11:35). Jesus appeared human to those who saw him (John 4:9). Jesus Himself said He was man (John 8:40). The apostle Paul states that Jesus is the Mediator between God and Man (I Tim 2:5).
Deity: Christ existed eternally in the form of God (Phil 2:6). God the Father calls Christ God (Heb 1:8). The apostles affirm Christ to be God (John 20:28, Titus 2:15). Christ proved Himself to be God by many infallible acts. He received worship (Mat 2:2 John 20:28), He forgave sins (Mark 2:5), He demonstrated great power over nature and death (Mark 4:39, John 11:43), He is omnipresent (Mat 28:20), and He is eternal (John 1:1).
Hypostatic Union of Christ: Jesus Christ never surrendered His deity, but rather added humanity (Phil 2:7-8). Jesus did many acts of God. He calmed the sea (Mat 8:23-27), He healed people (John 9:25), and He raised people from the dead (Mat 9:25); however, He only exercised His deity for the glory of the Father (John 17:4). This union of humanity and deity exists together in perfect harmony throughout all eternity (Rom 1:3, I Tim 2:5, Heb 4:14).
Resurrection: Christ resurrected bodily from the dead and is alive and full of glory (Mat 28:7 Col 1:18). Death could not contain Him (I Cor 15). Christ’s resurrection confirmed the truth of God’s Word (Psalm 16:10, Mat 16:21). The Jewish leaders could not deny the fact of the missing body (Mat 28:13), skeptics believed after seeing the risen Lord, (John 20:28, Acts 9:6), and He was seen by over five hundred witnesses (I Cor 15:6). The whole premise of Christianity lies in the fact that Christ did rise from the dead and gave believers victory over death (1Co 15:14). The resurrection ended Christ’s humiliation (Col 1:18, Eph 4:10).
Christ’s Present Ministry: Christ is presently the intercessor for mankind (Rom 8:34, Gal 3:20, I Tim 2:5). Regarding the church, He is the Builder (Acts 2:47), the Director (Col 1:18), the Nurturer (Eph 5:29-30,) and the Cleanser (Eph 5:25-27).
Temptation of Christ: Christ as God was tempted (Luke 4), but He did not sin (Heb 4:15). Being God, He cannot sin for He is omnipotent (Mat 28:18), omniscient (John 2:25), and continues now as God without sin (Heb 13:8).
Definition of the Church: The church is a called out group of believers. The word comes from the Greek “ekklesia” meaning called out ones (Acts 13:1; 20:17, Gal. 1:22). The church’s desire should be to exalt God and make disciples. They accomplish the goal of exalting God through fellowshipping (Acts 2:42), studying correct doctrine (I Tim 1:3, I Tim 5:17), and pursuing holiness (Gal 5:22-25, Tit 2:12, I Peter 1:15). Making disciples is a process of teaching commanded by Jesus (Mat 28:19, II Tim 2:15). The church should have order (I Cor 14:40 Tit 1:5) as well as a biblical governmental system (I Tim 5:17).
Images of the Church: The New Testament believer is part of a priesthood in that he can go before the presence of God without a human mediator (I Peter 2:9). Believers are the branches which are nourished by Christ (John 15). The church is compared to a bride prepared for her husband, Christ (Rev 21:9, Rev 22:17). The church is also analogous to a body with individual members that support the whole (Rom 12:4, I Cor 12:27). The church is compared to a building (I Cor 3:9, Eph 2:21 ) grounded upon the solid cornerstone which is Christ (I Peter 2:6).
Formation of the Church: The church started at Pentecost (Acts 2). The church is not Israel, for Christ said that He would build His church (Mt 16:18). The institution of the church was hidden until God chose to reveal it (Eph 3:1-12, Col 1:26). Christ was raised as the head of the body (Eph 1:21-23). Christ said that His followers would soon be filled with the Spirit (Acts 1:5), and shortly thereafter Pentecost took place where the believers were filled with the Spirit (Acts 2).
Purposes of the Church: There are three main purposes of the church. The church is to glorify and exalt God (Acts 2:47, Rom 15:6, I Cor 6:20, I Peter 4:16). The church is to make disciples (Mt 28:19, I Cor 9:16). The church is to teach God’s truth (Col 2:7, II Tim 2:15) and partake in the edification of believers (Eph 5:19, Col 3:16).
Government: The biblical mandate for churches is that of congregational rule (Acts 13:1-4; Acts 15:22, I Peter 2:9). In Paul’s epistles he addresses the bishop and deacons (Phil 1:1). Deacons are to be godly men (I Tim 3:8-13) who are to serve and help minister in the church (Acts 6:1-6). The bishop, or pastor, is to be a qualified spiritual leader whose lifestyle is above reproach (I Tim 3:1-7, Titus 1:7-9). There are many references to leaders in the New Testament, but they all encapsulate spiritual guidance (I Tim 3:1; I Tim 5:17, James 5:14). It is clear that God has given Church leadership in order to encourage the growth of the body (Eph 4:11).
Ordinances: Biblically we see precedence for two local church ordinances. The first is that of baptism after salvation (Acts 8:36-37; 16:32-33). Baptism is an outward sign of inward change; it does not communicate grace; it is a mark of discipleship (Mat 28:19, Acts 2:38). The biblical mode of baptism is that of total immersion as a sign of Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection (Mark 1:9-10, Acts 8:38). The second ordinance is that of the Lord’s Supper. The two elements of the Lord’s Supper are the fruit of the vine, and unleavened bread (Mat 26:26-29, I Cor 11:23-32). It is a time of remembrance of Christ’s death, a time to examine one’s life, and a time of looking forward to Christ’s return (I Cor 11:23-32).
Distinctives: The church is God’s tool to reach the world with light (Mat 5:14, James 1:27). The church is to remain pure (Eph 5:27, I Peter 1:15). The priesthood of the believer (the ability to approach God directly) is an important doctrine of the New Testament church (Rev 1:6). Relationship to Israel and the Kingdom: The New Testament Church is a distinct entity from Israel (I Cor 10:32, Acts 15). The Kingdom of God is yet future (Luke 20:9-20, John 3:3, Rev 12:10). Jesus referred to the kingdom as futuristic (Mat 26:29, Mark 14:25). The Jews rejected the King of the Kingdom (Mat 21:28-44, Luke 20:9-18, John 19:21).
Images of the Church: The New Testament believer is part of a priesthood in that he can go before the presence of God without a human mediator (I Peter 2:9). Believers are the branches which are nourished by Christ (John 15). The church is compared to a bride prepared for her husband, Christ (Rev 21:9, Rev 22:17). The church is also analogous to a body with individual members that support the whole (Rom 12:4, I Cor 12:27). The church is compared to a building (I Cor 3:9, Eph 2:21 ) grounded upon the solid cornerstone which is Christ (I Peter 2:6).
Formation of the Church: The church started at Pentecost (Acts 2). The church is not Israel, for Christ said that He would build His church (Mt 16:18). The institution of the church was hidden until God chose to reveal it (Eph 3:1-12, Col 1:26). Christ was raised as the head of the body (Eph 1:21-23). Christ said that His followers would soon be filled with the Spirit (Acts 1:5), and shortly thereafter Pentecost took place where the believers were filled with the Spirit (Acts 2).
Purposes of the Church: There are three main purposes of the church. The church is to glorify and exalt God (Acts 2:47, Rom 15:6, I Cor 6:20, I Peter 4:16). The church is to make disciples (Mt 28:19, I Cor 9:16). The church is to teach God’s truth (Col 2:7, II Tim 2:15) and partake in the edification of believers (Eph 5:19, Col 3:16).
Government: The biblical mandate for churches is that of congregational rule (Acts 13:1-4; Acts 15:22, I Peter 2:9). In Paul’s epistles he addresses the bishop and deacons (Phil 1:1). Deacons are to be godly men (I Tim 3:8-13) who are to serve and help minister in the church (Acts 6:1-6). The bishop, or pastor, is to be a qualified spiritual leader whose lifestyle is above reproach (I Tim 3:1-7, Titus 1:7-9). There are many references to leaders in the New Testament, but they all encapsulate spiritual guidance (I Tim 3:1; I Tim 5:17, James 5:14). It is clear that God has given Church leadership in order to encourage the growth of the body (Eph 4:11).
Ordinances: Biblically we see precedence for two local church ordinances. The first is that of baptism after salvation (Acts 8:36-37; 16:32-33). Baptism is an outward sign of inward change; it does not communicate grace; it is a mark of discipleship (Mat 28:19, Acts 2:38). The biblical mode of baptism is that of total immersion as a sign of Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection (Mark 1:9-10, Acts 8:38). The second ordinance is that of the Lord’s Supper. The two elements of the Lord’s Supper are the fruit of the vine, and unleavened bread (Mat 26:26-29, I Cor 11:23-32). It is a time of remembrance of Christ’s death, a time to examine one’s life, and a time of looking forward to Christ’s return (I Cor 11:23-32).
Distinctives: The church is God’s tool to reach the world with light (Mat 5:14, James 1:27). The church is to remain pure (Eph 5:27, I Peter 1:15). The priesthood of the believer (the ability to approach God directly) is an important doctrine of the New Testament church (Rev 1:6). Relationship to Israel and the Kingdom: The New Testament Church is a distinct entity from Israel (I Cor 10:32, Acts 15). The Kingdom of God is yet future (Luke 20:9-20, John 3:3, Rev 12:10). Jesus referred to the kingdom as futuristic (Mat 26:29, Mark 14:25). The Jews rejected the King of the Kingdom (Mat 21:28-44, Luke 20:9-18, John 19:21).
Death: Death is spiritual separation from the body (James 2:26); however, the spirit is eternal (Luke 16:22-23, II Cor 5:8, Phil 1:23). After death the spiritual part of man goes to face judgment (Heb 9:27). Death is ultimately a result of sin and the punishment of God (Gen 3:3, Rom 3:23).
Hell: Hell is a place of punishment (Luke 10:15; 16:23, Rev 20:10). It is a place of eternal torment and not simply annihilation (Mat 18:8, Mat 25:41, Mark 9:48). In hell there is utter darkness (Mat 8:12; 22:13) and an unquenchable lake of fire (Mark 9:48, Rev 20:10; 21:8). It is a place for unbelievers (Rev 20:11-15; 21:8) as well as the devil (Rev 20:10).
Heaven: The abode of the saints or heaven is where God dwells (Mat 6:9, Psalm 2:4, Isaiah 66:1, Duet 26:15) It appears from those who have visited that the abode of the saints is in the third heaven (II Cor 12:2, Rev 4:1-2). Believers go to be with God after death (Luke 23:43, II Cor 5:8, Phil 1:23). Rapture: Christ promised to return in the clouds (Acts 1:11). This day is imminent and must take place before the tribulation (I Cor 15:51-52, Phil 3:20, I Thess 1:10; 4:15-18; 5:1-10). Believers will have a body like Christ’s (Phil 3:20-21, I John 3:2). Believers will also have immortal bodies (I Cor 15:53, Phil 3:21).
Tribulation: The tribulational period will cover a span of seven years (Dan 7:25-27, 9:27). The Tribulation will prepare Israel for the coming King (Jer 30:7, Mal 4:5-6). It will be a time of punishment (Isaiah 24:21-22, Rev 14:7; 15:4). The entire world will be affected (Rev 6:16-17; 11:18; 14:19). The church will be absent during this time (I Cor 15:51-52, Phil 3:20, Col 3:4 I Thess 1:10).
The Second Coming: The Second Coming is when Christ will return to earth (Zec 14:4). During that time He will judge and set up His kingdom (Zec 14:9-21, Mat 25:31, Rev 20:4). The Second Coming is necessary to fulfill several covenants. The Abrahamic Covenant has not been fulfilled concerning the possession of the Promised Land to Abraham’s descendents (Gen 17:6-8). The Davidic Covenant concerning a descendent that will rule forever will be fulfilled in the second coming (II Sam 7:16).
The Millennium: The Millennium will be a time of peace where Christ reigns on His throne (II Sam 7:16, Luke 1:32-33). Christ will reign, and Jerusalem will be the center of His reign (Isaiah 9:6-7, Zec 8:3; 14:10). It will last for a thousand years (Rev 20:2-7). It will be a time of peace (Micah 4:2-4), and a time of joy (Isaiah 62: 7; 10).
Resurrection: There are several resurrections mentioned in Scripture. The resurrection of the church seems to be the first resurrection (I Cor 15:51-54, I Thess 4:13-18). This is followed by the resurrection of the tribulation saints (Rev 20:4-5). It appears that during the resurrection of the tribulation saints the Old Testament saints will rise (Dan 12:1-2, Rev 20:4-5). Unbelievers will also rise after the Millennium (John 5:28-29, Rev 20:4-5).
The Judgment: There are several judgments listed in the Bible. Two of the main judgments focus around two classes of people. All will be judged (Heb 9:27), but believers will face a different judgment than unbelievers. The believer will have to stand before the Judgment Seat of Christ (Rom 14:10, II Cor 5:10). The unbeliever will have to stand before the Great White Throne Judgment and face a holy God without the atoning sacrifice of Christ’s blood (Rev 20:11-15).
Heaven: The abode of the saints or heaven is where God dwells (Mat 6:9, Psalm 2:4, Isaiah 66:1, Duet 26:15) It appears from those who have visited that the abode of the saints is in the third heaven (II Cor 12:2, Rev 4:1-2). Believers go to be with God after death (Luke 23:43, II Cor 5:8, Phil 1:23). Rapture: Christ promised to return in the clouds (Acts 1:11). This day is imminent and must take place before the tribulation (I Cor 15:51-52, Phil 3:20, I Thess 1:10; 4:15-18; 5:1-10). Believers will have a body like Christ’s (Phil 3:20-21, I John 3:2). Believers will also have immortal bodies (I Cor 15:53, Phil 3:21).
Tribulation: The tribulational period will cover a span of seven years (Dan 7:25-27, 9:27). The Tribulation will prepare Israel for the coming King (Jer 30:7, Mal 4:5-6). It will be a time of punishment (Isaiah 24:21-22, Rev 14:7; 15:4). The entire world will be affected (Rev 6:16-17; 11:18; 14:19). The church will be absent during this time (I Cor 15:51-52, Phil 3:20, Col 3:4 I Thess 1:10).
The Second Coming: The Second Coming is when Christ will return to earth (Zec 14:4). During that time He will judge and set up His kingdom (Zec 14:9-21, Mat 25:31, Rev 20:4). The Second Coming is necessary to fulfill several covenants. The Abrahamic Covenant has not been fulfilled concerning the possession of the Promised Land to Abraham’s descendents (Gen 17:6-8). The Davidic Covenant concerning a descendent that will rule forever will be fulfilled in the second coming (II Sam 7:16).
The Millennium: The Millennium will be a time of peace where Christ reigns on His throne (II Sam 7:16, Luke 1:32-33). Christ will reign, and Jerusalem will be the center of His reign (Isaiah 9:6-7, Zec 8:3; 14:10). It will last for a thousand years (Rev 20:2-7). It will be a time of peace (Micah 4:2-4), and a time of joy (Isaiah 62: 7; 10).
Resurrection: There are several resurrections mentioned in Scripture. The resurrection of the church seems to be the first resurrection (I Cor 15:51-54, I Thess 4:13-18). This is followed by the resurrection of the tribulation saints (Rev 20:4-5). It appears that during the resurrection of the tribulation saints the Old Testament saints will rise (Dan 12:1-2, Rev 20:4-5). Unbelievers will also rise after the Millennium (John 5:28-29, Rev 20:4-5).
The Judgment: There are several judgments listed in the Bible. Two of the main judgments focus around two classes of people. All will be judged (Heb 9:27), but believers will face a different judgment than unbelievers. The believer will have to stand before the Judgment Seat of Christ (Rom 14:10, II Cor 5:10). The unbeliever will have to stand before the Great White Throne Judgment and face a holy God without the atoning sacrifice of Christ’s blood (Rev 20:11-15).
Definition of Sin: Sin is falling short of God’s command (Rom 3:23); it is disobedience against an almighty God (I John 3:4). Mankind has transgressed or overstepped God’s bounds (Rom 4:15, Gal 3:19). Trespass refers to missing God’s moral mark (Le 5:7, Nu 31:16 Luke 17:4). Iniquity refers to unrighteousness (Ps 66:18).
Origin of Sin: All humanity is affected by sin, but sin did not originate with humanity. Rebellion occurred first in Satan (Gen 3, I John 3:8). Sin was brought on all men through Adam. The failure of Adam to pass God’s test of morality plunged all humanity into the slavery of sin (Gen 3, Rom 5:12, I Cor 15:22). The result of sin is death both spiritual and physical (Gen 2:17, Rom 6:23, Eph 2:1-10), pain and destruction on all of creation (Rom 8:22), and loss of fellowship with God (Gen 3:8-10, II Cor 6:14, I John 1:6). Against the backdrop of sin in all of its hideousness, God allowed His name to be further glorified (I Cor 2:8, Col 1:18, Rev 5:12).
Imputation of Sin: Sin was passed on to all humanity through Adam (Rom 5:12). Mankind put themselves under sin through Adam. In the garden humanity’s forbearers chose Satan, the god of this world, to be our master. We cannot serve two masters (Luke 16:13). Once mankind was subject to slavery, only an outside source could buy them back (John 14:6, Acts 4:12, I John 1:7). We are by nature the children of sin (Eph. 2:3). Unless payment is made, all of mankind is bound to serve a wicked master (John 8:44).
Depravity: Man by nature can only please himself and go his own way (II Cor 5:15). When mankind serves self, it is a displacement of God. Mankind was created to image God (Gen 1:26) not worship his own image which is idolatry (Ex 20:3 De 5:7). Depravity does not mean that man is incapable of doing good works, but that man is incapable of pleasing God with his works (Eph 2:3, Eph 4:22, Tit 3:3, I Peter 1:14). Mankind’s depravity will not meet up with God’s perfection (Rom 3:23).
Effects of Sin on the Believer: Sin breaks fellowship with God (Psalm 51, I John 1:6). It also hinders relationships with mankind and fellow believers (James 4:1-5, I John 1:7.) Sin hinders our effectiveness in ministry (I Cor 9:27) and invites God’s discipline into our lives (Heb 12:3-11). In order to have a close relationship with God, the believer must be willing to confess and forsake his sin (Pr 28:13, I John 1:9).
Sin unto Death and Unpardonable Sin: Whenever the sin unto death is mentioned, it is in reference to believers (I Cor 11:30, I John 5:16). God is willing to pardon (Ne 9:17, Isaiah 55:7); however, there comes a time where God will not withhold judgment any longer (Gen 6:3). The sin unto death appears to be an unwillingness to submit and grow as a Christian. The unpardonable sin appears to be the rejection of the Holy Spirit’s wooing for salvation and willingly rejecting God’s clear evidence (Mat 12:31-32, Mark 3:29). In Exodus 7 Pharaoh hardened his hard, but in chapter 9 God started hardening his heart. The Pharisees had seen the Holy Spirit work and willingly rejected his wooing, so God turned them over to their own reprobate hearts (Rom 1:28). The passage in Mark talks about eternal damnation, and the Bible clearly states Christ’s blood cleanses us from all sins (I John 1:7), so it would appear that the unpardonable sin is the rejection of the Holy Spirit’s offer of salvation. Both sins can be committed today and are both the rejection of God’s command. The sin unto death is a rejection for the believer, and the unpardonable sin is the willing rejection of God’s grace.
Origin of Sin: All humanity is affected by sin, but sin did not originate with humanity. Rebellion occurred first in Satan (Gen 3, I John 3:8). Sin was brought on all men through Adam. The failure of Adam to pass God’s test of morality plunged all humanity into the slavery of sin (Gen 3, Rom 5:12, I Cor 15:22). The result of sin is death both spiritual and physical (Gen 2:17, Rom 6:23, Eph 2:1-10), pain and destruction on all of creation (Rom 8:22), and loss of fellowship with God (Gen 3:8-10, II Cor 6:14, I John 1:6). Against the backdrop of sin in all of its hideousness, God allowed His name to be further glorified (I Cor 2:8, Col 1:18, Rev 5:12).
Imputation of Sin: Sin was passed on to all humanity through Adam (Rom 5:12). Mankind put themselves under sin through Adam. In the garden humanity’s forbearers chose Satan, the god of this world, to be our master. We cannot serve two masters (Luke 16:13). Once mankind was subject to slavery, only an outside source could buy them back (John 14:6, Acts 4:12, I John 1:7). We are by nature the children of sin (Eph. 2:3). Unless payment is made, all of mankind is bound to serve a wicked master (John 8:44).
Depravity: Man by nature can only please himself and go his own way (II Cor 5:15). When mankind serves self, it is a displacement of God. Mankind was created to image God (Gen 1:26) not worship his own image which is idolatry (Ex 20:3 De 5:7). Depravity does not mean that man is incapable of doing good works, but that man is incapable of pleasing God with his works (Eph 2:3, Eph 4:22, Tit 3:3, I Peter 1:14). Mankind’s depravity will not meet up with God’s perfection (Rom 3:23).
Effects of Sin on the Believer: Sin breaks fellowship with God (Psalm 51, I John 1:6). It also hinders relationships with mankind and fellow believers (James 4:1-5, I John 1:7.) Sin hinders our effectiveness in ministry (I Cor 9:27) and invites God’s discipline into our lives (Heb 12:3-11). In order to have a close relationship with God, the believer must be willing to confess and forsake his sin (Pr 28:13, I John 1:9).
Sin unto Death and Unpardonable Sin: Whenever the sin unto death is mentioned, it is in reference to believers (I Cor 11:30, I John 5:16). God is willing to pardon (Ne 9:17, Isaiah 55:7); however, there comes a time where God will not withhold judgment any longer (Gen 6:3). The sin unto death appears to be an unwillingness to submit and grow as a Christian. The unpardonable sin appears to be the rejection of the Holy Spirit’s wooing for salvation and willingly rejecting God’s clear evidence (Mat 12:31-32, Mark 3:29). In Exodus 7 Pharaoh hardened his hard, but in chapter 9 God started hardening his heart. The Pharisees had seen the Holy Spirit work and willingly rejected his wooing, so God turned them over to their own reprobate hearts (Rom 1:28). The passage in Mark talks about eternal damnation, and the Bible clearly states Christ’s blood cleanses us from all sins (I John 1:7), so it would appear that the unpardonable sin is the rejection of the Holy Spirit’s offer of salvation. Both sins can be committed today and are both the rejection of God’s command. The sin unto death is a rejection for the believer, and the unpardonable sin is the willing rejection of God’s grace.
Personality: The Holy Spirit is a person possessing intellect (Rom 8:27, I Cor 2:10, Eph 1:17), emotions (Eph 4:30), and will (Acts 16:6). The Spirit can be blasphemed (Matt 12:32, Mark 3:29), lied to (Acts 5:3), tempted (Acts 5:9), grieved (Eph 4:30), and obeyed (Acts 10).
Deity: The Holy Spirit is fully deity. He is the person of God (I Cor 2:11), and he is listed among the titles for God (Matt 28:19). The Holy Spirit possesses divine attributes such as life (Rom 8:2), omniscience (I Cor 2:10-12), omnipotence (Gen 1:2), omnipresence (Psalm 139:7-10, John 14:17), eternality (Heb 9:14), holiness (Matt 12:32), and truth (John 14:17).
Relationship with Christ: The Holy Spirit ministered to and empowered Christ (Isaiah 61:1,2), yet Christ still had his own power (John 10:18). The Holy Spirit was involved in Christ’s conception (Matt 1:18-20, Luke 1:35), the anointing of Christ at his baptism (Matt 3:16), the filling of Jesus (Luke 4:1), and also the resurrection (Rom 1:4; 8:11).
Ministry to the World: The Holy Spirit convicts the world of sin and unrighteousness (John 16:8-11), constrains the flow of evil (Gen 6:3, II Thess 2:6-7), made the world (Gen 1), and sustains creation (Psalm 104:30).
Ministry to the Believer: The Holy Spirit indwells and takes up residence in the believer at salvation (John 3, Gal 3:2 Titus 3:5), regenerates through progressive sanctification (Gal 5), seals mankind for his possession (Eph 1:13), intercedes on the believer’s behalf (Rom 8:26), sanctifies (II Thess 2:13, I Peter 1:2), illuminates Scripture (I Cor 2:13, I John 2:20-27), and influences man through filling (Eph 5:18). The filling of the Spirit takes place at salvation (Rom 5:5, I Cor 3:16, 6:19), and permanently indwells the believer (John 14:16). Since the power of the Spirit can be quenched, (1Thess 5:19) the empowering of the Spirit is manifested through a believer’s dependence on God with a clean heart (Rom 8:13, Gal 5:22-23, Eph 5:18).
Tongues: Speaking in tongues is not a universal sign for salvation, for Paul stated that not all have the gift of tongues, yet that did not negate their salvation (I Cor 12:30). A believer shows signs of salvation by demonstrating the works of the Spirit (Gal 5:22-23), and speaking in tongues is not listed among the fruits of the Spirit.
Deity: The Holy Spirit is fully deity. He is the person of God (I Cor 2:11), and he is listed among the titles for God (Matt 28:19). The Holy Spirit possesses divine attributes such as life (Rom 8:2), omniscience (I Cor 2:10-12), omnipotence (Gen 1:2), omnipresence (Psalm 139:7-10, John 14:17), eternality (Heb 9:14), holiness (Matt 12:32), and truth (John 14:17).
Relationship with Christ: The Holy Spirit ministered to and empowered Christ (Isaiah 61:1,2), yet Christ still had his own power (John 10:18). The Holy Spirit was involved in Christ’s conception (Matt 1:18-20, Luke 1:35), the anointing of Christ at his baptism (Matt 3:16), the filling of Jesus (Luke 4:1), and also the resurrection (Rom 1:4; 8:11).
Ministry to the World: The Holy Spirit convicts the world of sin and unrighteousness (John 16:8-11), constrains the flow of evil (Gen 6:3, II Thess 2:6-7), made the world (Gen 1), and sustains creation (Psalm 104:30).
Ministry to the Believer: The Holy Spirit indwells and takes up residence in the believer at salvation (John 3, Gal 3:2 Titus 3:5), regenerates through progressive sanctification (Gal 5), seals mankind for his possession (Eph 1:13), intercedes on the believer’s behalf (Rom 8:26), sanctifies (II Thess 2:13, I Peter 1:2), illuminates Scripture (I Cor 2:13, I John 2:20-27), and influences man through filling (Eph 5:18). The filling of the Spirit takes place at salvation (Rom 5:5, I Cor 3:16, 6:19), and permanently indwells the believer (John 14:16). Since the power of the Spirit can be quenched, (1Thess 5:19) the empowering of the Spirit is manifested through a believer’s dependence on God with a clean heart (Rom 8:13, Gal 5:22-23, Eph 5:18).
Tongues: Speaking in tongues is not a universal sign for salvation, for Paul stated that not all have the gift of tongues, yet that did not negate their salvation (I Cor 12:30). A believer shows signs of salvation by demonstrating the works of the Spirit (Gal 5:22-23), and speaking in tongues is not listed among the fruits of the Spirit.
Significance of Christ’s Death: Christ death was the atonement for sins. In atonement Christ stood in the sinner’s stead (II Cor 5:21, II Peter 2:24, 3:18). Christ redeems those who trust in Him and buys them from the power of sin (I Peter 1:18). Through the act of reconciliation Christ brought sinners into fellowship with God (II Cor 5:20, Col 1:21-22). Through Christ’s propitiation God’s holiness is satisfied through Christ’s death (Rom 3:25, I John 4:10).
Conditions of Salvation: First of all for man to accept salvation, he must first recognize his own sinfulness (Rom 3:23) as well as God’s exalted sinless position (Isaiah 6, II Cor 5:21). He must also recognize Christ’s sacrificial atonement realizing that only the work of Christ is sufficient to bring salvation from the bonds of sin (John 20:30-31, Rom 6:23, Rom 10:9-10, Eph 2:8-9). Salvation is belief in the person and work of Christ (I Cor 15:1-4, II Tim 1:12). Man must believe (Rom 10:9-10), but man’s belief does not negate the fact that without Christ’s sacrifice there is no salvation (John 14:6, Acts 4:12).
Election: Election took place from eternity past (Eph 1:4, I Thess 1:4). Election is according to God’s will (Rom 9:11, II Tim 1:9). It is not conditioned on man (II Tim 1:9). Christ died for all sinners (I Tim 1:15, II Peter 3:9). Christ specifically chose certain individuals for salvation (II John 1:13, II Peter 1:10, II Thess 2:13).
Definition of Salvation: Salvation is man being brought into fellowship with God (Col 1:20). Man must believe (John 3:18; 6:37, Acts 16:31); however, God is the one who made salvation possible through His Son Jesus Christ (John 14:6, Acts 4:12, Phil 1:6, II Tim 2:25). Believers are adopted into God’s family. Adoption is a relational term regarding believer’s personal relationship with God (Rom 8:15, Gal 4:5, Eph 1:5). Regeneration refers to being made alive in Christ (Eph 2:1-10). Forgiveness is enabled by God placing Christ’s death in mankind’s stead (Acts 5:31, Eph 1:7, Col 1:14). Justification refers to a believer’s legal righteous standing before a holy God (Rom 5:16; 5:18).
Eternal security: Believers are secured by God (John 10:28, Rom 5:7-10, Eph 1:13). Man is not striving to remain secure; security is the work of God (John 10). Salvation is the work of the eternal Father (John 6:38-40), the work of Christ (John 3:15-16, John 10:27-29), and the work of the Holy Spirit (Eph 1:13; 4:30). The effectual work of Christ is eternal (Heb 7:25, Heb 10:10-14). God instituted salvation to be eternal and forever (Rom 6:23, II Cor 5:1I, Tim 6:12 Titus 1:5).
Sanctification: Sanctification is the act of a believer growing into the image of God’s Son, Christ (Phil 3:12-14, Col 2:6-7). Christ’s death has destroyed the overarching power of sin in a Christian’s life (I Cor 15:57), but mankind still has a responsibility to grow into the image of Christlikness ( I Peter 1:16). A believer must practice the discipline of putting off evil and putting on good found in Ephesians 4:22-24. Christians are to grow through following Christ’s example (Phil 2), and through reading God’s word (II Tim 2:15, I Peter 2:2). The Holy Spirit enables Christians to imitate Christ and follow after righteousness (Rom 8:9, I Cor 2:10-12).
Conditions of Salvation: First of all for man to accept salvation, he must first recognize his own sinfulness (Rom 3:23) as well as God’s exalted sinless position (Isaiah 6, II Cor 5:21). He must also recognize Christ’s sacrificial atonement realizing that only the work of Christ is sufficient to bring salvation from the bonds of sin (John 20:30-31, Rom 6:23, Rom 10:9-10, Eph 2:8-9). Salvation is belief in the person and work of Christ (I Cor 15:1-4, II Tim 1:12). Man must believe (Rom 10:9-10), but man’s belief does not negate the fact that without Christ’s sacrifice there is no salvation (John 14:6, Acts 4:12).
Election: Election took place from eternity past (Eph 1:4, I Thess 1:4). Election is according to God’s will (Rom 9:11, II Tim 1:9). It is not conditioned on man (II Tim 1:9). Christ died for all sinners (I Tim 1:15, II Peter 3:9). Christ specifically chose certain individuals for salvation (II John 1:13, II Peter 1:10, II Thess 2:13).
Definition of Salvation: Salvation is man being brought into fellowship with God (Col 1:20). Man must believe (John 3:18; 6:37, Acts 16:31); however, God is the one who made salvation possible through His Son Jesus Christ (John 14:6, Acts 4:12, Phil 1:6, II Tim 2:25). Believers are adopted into God’s family. Adoption is a relational term regarding believer’s personal relationship with God (Rom 8:15, Gal 4:5, Eph 1:5). Regeneration refers to being made alive in Christ (Eph 2:1-10). Forgiveness is enabled by God placing Christ’s death in mankind’s stead (Acts 5:31, Eph 1:7, Col 1:14). Justification refers to a believer’s legal righteous standing before a holy God (Rom 5:16; 5:18).
Eternal security: Believers are secured by God (John 10:28, Rom 5:7-10, Eph 1:13). Man is not striving to remain secure; security is the work of God (John 10). Salvation is the work of the eternal Father (John 6:38-40), the work of Christ (John 3:15-16, John 10:27-29), and the work of the Holy Spirit (Eph 1:13; 4:30). The effectual work of Christ is eternal (Heb 7:25, Heb 10:10-14). God instituted salvation to be eternal and forever (Rom 6:23, II Cor 5:1I, Tim 6:12 Titus 1:5).
Sanctification: Sanctification is the act of a believer growing into the image of God’s Son, Christ (Phil 3:12-14, Col 2:6-7). Christ’s death has destroyed the overarching power of sin in a Christian’s life (I Cor 15:57), but mankind still has a responsibility to grow into the image of Christlikness ( I Peter 1:16). A believer must practice the discipline of putting off evil and putting on good found in Ephesians 4:22-24. Christians are to grow through following Christ’s example (Phil 2), and through reading God’s word (II Tim 2:15, I Peter 2:2). The Holy Spirit enables Christians to imitate Christ and follow after righteousness (Rom 8:9, I Cor 2:10-12).
Identity: God is the creator (Gen 1:1, Job 38:4-6, Isaiah 40), and He is the Sustainer (Job 38:26, Col 1:17) of all things. He is eternally existent (Isaiah 26:4, Psalm 90:2; 102:12) a Spirit (Gen 1, John 4:24) without beginning or end. He is transcendent and above all (Isaiah 40:13 Rom 11:34), yet He is personal and desires a relationship with His creation (Eph 1:11, Titus 2:14, I Peter 2:9, II Peter 1:21). God is a triunity having three distinct personalities yet one whole (Duet. 6:4, John 10:30).
Existence: Cosmologically there must be a God (Psalm 8, Rom 1:19-21). Teleologically there is order and purpose in the world (Psalm 19:1-4, Psalm 139:14). Morally man possesses a conscience and an innate sense of God (Rom 1:19, Rom 2:14-15). Ultimately belief in God is by faith (Psalm 37:5, John 20:29, Heb 11).
Names: The different names of God portray a fuller glimpse of His nature. Elohim means to be strong or majestic (Gen 17:1, Gen 28:3, Josh 3:10). Adonai means Lord and master (Duet 10:17) this name is equivalent to the New Testament Kurios (Luke 19:38, John 12:13). Yahweh is the personal covenant name of God (Gen 12:8, Exodus 6:6). A significant name for the New Testament believer is that of Pater which emphasizes a special relationship (Rom 8:15, Gal 4:6).
Attributes: To define God is beyond human comprehension (Job 38-40, Jer 33:3); however, He has revealed certain characteristics or attributes inherent in Himself. God is Holy and set apart from His creation both morally (Le 11:44, Deut 32:4 I Peter 1:16) and in power (Psalm 145:3, Rom 11:34). God is Eternal without beginning or end (Deut 33:27 Psalm 90:2 I Tim 1:17). God is Love (John 3:16, Eph 5:2, I John 4:8). God is Immutable totally unable to change His inherent perfections (Mal 3:6, James 1:17). God is the Sovereign Lord of the universe who controls all things (Jer 32:17, Psalm 115:3). God is Just (Deut 32:4, Job 4:17). God is the some total of His inherent perfections (Psalms 18:30, Mat 5:48, I Cor 13:10).
Trinity: The Lord God is one God (Duet 6:4). Scripture shows that God the Father is God (I Cor 8:6, Gal 1:1), God the Son is God (John 1:1, Col 2:9, Heb 1:8,) and also God the Spirit is God (Mat 28:19, Acts 5:4 Rom 8:11, Heb 9:14). Although they are One, they work together and coexist at the same time (Mat 3:15-17, John 17:1 I Cor 12, Eph 4).
Sovereignty: God the Master Creator allows His creation to interact, yet He is the ultimate planner. This truth is demonstrated through many of the true life accounts in Scripture where God worked for His glory (Esther, David, Jonah). God is in control of the world (Psalm 93:1), nations (Psalm 2, 22:28, Isaiah 40:15), and individuals (Dan 4:34, Rom 8:28). God is opposed to sin, yet He is not bound by sin (Rom 9:17-24, Eph 1:11). He gives man a choice (Deut 30:19) while still controlling the universe (Isaiah 40). God can and does use sin for His own glory (Exodus 10:1, Psalm 136). The greatest test of God’s mastery of man’s sin is that of the victory found in His Son (I Cor 15, Eph 2:1-5, Phil 2:8-11, Col 1:12-20). In the backdrop of man’s depravity (Rom 3:23), God’s sovereignty shines all the more brilliantly (Rom 5:8 Eph 1:11). The Sovereign God of the world desires a relationship with mankind through prayer (Psalm 65:2, Dan 6:10, Luke 11:1). Prayer is an act of dependence, where independent man relies on an omnipotent God (Phil 4:6, I Thess 5:17).
Existence: Cosmologically there must be a God (Psalm 8, Rom 1:19-21). Teleologically there is order and purpose in the world (Psalm 19:1-4, Psalm 139:14). Morally man possesses a conscience and an innate sense of God (Rom 1:19, Rom 2:14-15). Ultimately belief in God is by faith (Psalm 37:5, John 20:29, Heb 11).
Names: The different names of God portray a fuller glimpse of His nature. Elohim means to be strong or majestic (Gen 17:1, Gen 28:3, Josh 3:10). Adonai means Lord and master (Duet 10:17) this name is equivalent to the New Testament Kurios (Luke 19:38, John 12:13). Yahweh is the personal covenant name of God (Gen 12:8, Exodus 6:6). A significant name for the New Testament believer is that of Pater which emphasizes a special relationship (Rom 8:15, Gal 4:6).
Attributes: To define God is beyond human comprehension (Job 38-40, Jer 33:3); however, He has revealed certain characteristics or attributes inherent in Himself. God is Holy and set apart from His creation both morally (Le 11:44, Deut 32:4 I Peter 1:16) and in power (Psalm 145:3, Rom 11:34). God is Eternal without beginning or end (Deut 33:27 Psalm 90:2 I Tim 1:17). God is Love (John 3:16, Eph 5:2, I John 4:8). God is Immutable totally unable to change His inherent perfections (Mal 3:6, James 1:17). God is the Sovereign Lord of the universe who controls all things (Jer 32:17, Psalm 115:3). God is Just (Deut 32:4, Job 4:17). God is the some total of His inherent perfections (Psalms 18:30, Mat 5:48, I Cor 13:10).
Trinity: The Lord God is one God (Duet 6:4). Scripture shows that God the Father is God (I Cor 8:6, Gal 1:1), God the Son is God (John 1:1, Col 2:9, Heb 1:8,) and also God the Spirit is God (Mat 28:19, Acts 5:4 Rom 8:11, Heb 9:14). Although they are One, they work together and coexist at the same time (Mat 3:15-17, John 17:1 I Cor 12, Eph 4).
Sovereignty: God the Master Creator allows His creation to interact, yet He is the ultimate planner. This truth is demonstrated through many of the true life accounts in Scripture where God worked for His glory (Esther, David, Jonah). God is in control of the world (Psalm 93:1), nations (Psalm 2, 22:28, Isaiah 40:15), and individuals (Dan 4:34, Rom 8:28). God is opposed to sin, yet He is not bound by sin (Rom 9:17-24, Eph 1:11). He gives man a choice (Deut 30:19) while still controlling the universe (Isaiah 40). God can and does use sin for His own glory (Exodus 10:1, Psalm 136). The greatest test of God’s mastery of man’s sin is that of the victory found in His Son (I Cor 15, Eph 2:1-5, Phil 2:8-11, Col 1:12-20). In the backdrop of man’s depravity (Rom 3:23), God’s sovereignty shines all the more brilliantly (Rom 5:8 Eph 1:11). The Sovereign God of the world desires a relationship with mankind through prayer (Psalm 65:2, Dan 6:10, Luke 11:1). Prayer is an act of dependence, where independent man relies on an omnipotent God (Phil 4:6, I Thess 5:17).
Copyright © 2009 David Eng All Rights Reserved